[Contents]
Topics:

DESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTION
OverviewOverview
KeysKeys
Action KeysAction Keys
Selection KeysSelection Keys
Command Line KeysCommand Line Keys
Input Line KeysInput Line Keys
Mouse SupportMouse Support
Executing Unix CommandsExecuting Unix Commands
Directory DisplayDirectory Display
Menu BarMenu Bar
Program OptionsProgram Options
SetupSetup
Extension File EditExtension File Edit
User MenuUser Menu
Macro substitutionMacro substitution
Internal file viewerInternal file viewer
Undocumented features :-)Undocumented features :-)
FILESFILES
SEE ALSOSEE ALSO
AUTHORSAUTHORS
BUGSBUGS
AboutAbout
LicenseLicense
HelpHelp
[DESCRIPTION]
DESCRIPTION

The Midnight Commander, is a directory browser/file
manager for unix-like operating systems. The interface is
similar to John Socha's Norton Commander program for DOS.


OPTIONS


"-b" Forces black and white display.

"-c" Used to reverse the effect of -b. This does not
actually force ncurses into color mode, it's only used to
undo the effect of -b in macros.

"-d" Disables mouse support.

"-f" Display search paths for Midnight Commander files.

"-P" At program end, the Midnight Commander will print the
last working directory, this along with this shell
function will allow you to browse throught your
directories and automatically chdir to the last directory
you were in (thanks to Torben Fjerdingstad for
contributing this function and sending me the code
necesary to implement this).

mc ()
{
	MC=`/usr/local/bin/mc -P "$@"`
	[ -n "$MC" ] && cd "$MC" ;
	unset MC;
}

"-s" Turns off verbose operation. Also, verbose mode is
toggled off when running on slow terminals (110-9600
bauds).

"-V" Displays the version of the program.

If specified, the first path name is the directory to show
in the selected panel; the second path name is the
directory shown in the other panel.

[Overview]
Overview

The Midnight Commander provides a view of two directories
at the same time. One of the panels is the current panel
(a selection bar is over a directory in the current
panel). Almost all operations take place on the current
panel. The file operations rename and copy by default
perform the operation to the unselected panel (don't worry
they allways ask you before).

You can execute system commands from the Midnight
Commander by simply typing them in the command line (this
command line is always present at the bottom of the
panels) and pressing enter, read the KeysKeys section to learn
more about the command line.

The Midnight Commander supports mouse on xterm terminal.
The mouse is also supported if the Midnight Commander is
run under Linux versions 1.1.34 and later with the gpm(1)
mouse server. [Keys]
Keys

The Midnight Commander uses the F1 - F10 keys to perform
special commmands. The escape sequences for the Fkeys are
ncurses's kf1 trough kf10. On terminals without function
keys support, you can achieve the same functionality by
pressing the ESC key and then a number in the range 1
trough 9 and 0 (corresponding to F1 to F10 respectively).

Some commands in the Midnight Commander involves the use
of the Control (sometimes labeled CTRL or CTL) and the
Meta key. In this manual we'll use the following
abbreviations:

C-<chr> means hold the Control key while typing the
character <chr>. Thus C-f would be: hold the Control key
and type f.

M-<chr> means hold the Meta or Alt key down while typing
<chr>. If there is no Meta or Alt key, type ESC, release
it, then type the character <chr>.

All input lines in the Midnight Commander use an
approximation to Emacs's key bindings.

The keys have been divided to four classes. Action KeysAction Keys
perform some command (usually on the selected file or the
tagged files). Selection KeysSelection Keys select a file or tag files
as a target for a later action. Command Line KeysCommand Line Keys are
used for entering and editing command lines. Input Line
KeysInput Line Keys are used for editing input lines (the command line
and the input lines in the query dialogs).

[Action Keys]
Action Keys

ESC It's used to cancel most input dialogs. It's also used
as a prefix for some special commands. After an ESC press
there is a slight delay when Midnight Commander waits to
see if you are using ESC as a prefix.

F1 Invokes the built-in hypertext help viewer. Inside the
help viewer, you use the tab key to select the next link
and the enter key to follow that link. The keys space and
backspace are used to move forward and backward in a help
page.

F2 Invokes the user menu. The user menu provides an easy
way to provide users with a menu.

F3 Views the currently selected file. By default this
invokes the Internal file viewerInternal file viewer but if the option "Use
internal view" is off it invokes an external file viewer
specified by the PAGER environment variable. If PAGER
variable is undefined the 'view' command is invoked.

F4 Currently it invokes the vi editor or the editor
specified in the EDITOR environment variable.

F5 Pops up an input dialog that defaults to the directory
in the non-selected panel and copies the currently
selected file (or the tagged files if there is at least
one file tagged) to the directory specified by the user in
the input dialog. During the process, you could press C-c
or ESC to abort the operation.

F6 Pops up an input dialog that defaults to the directory
in the non-selected panel and moves the currently selected
file (or the tagged files if there is at least one tagged
file) to the directory specified by the user in the input
dialog. In the future it'll be possible to make a masked
rename. During the process, you could press C-c or ESC to
abort the operation.

F7 Pops up an input dialog and creates the directory
specified.

F8 Deletes the currently selected file or the tagged files
in the currently selected panel. During the process, you
could press C-c or ESC to abort the operation.

F9 Activates the pull down menu. See the section on the
Menu BarMenu Bar for more information.

F10 Terminates the Midnight Commander

C-x l, links the current file.

C-x C-s, invokes the symlink command.

C-x a, toggles the auto mount/auto umount feature.

Enter If there is some text in the command line (the one
at the bottom of the panels), then that command is
executed. If there is no text in the command line then if
the selection bar is over a directory the Midnight
Commander does a chdir(2) to the selected directory and
reloads the information on the panel; if the selection is
an executable file then the selection is executed.
Finally, if the extension of the selected file name
matches one of the extensions in the extensions file then
the corresponding command is executed.

C-l. This repaints all the information in Midnight
Commander.

[Selection Keys]
Selection Keys

Insert, C-t. In order to tag files you may use the Insert
key (the kich1 terminfo sequence) or the C-t (Control-t)
sequence. To untag files, just retag a tagged file.

M-g, M-h, M-j, Used to select the top file in a panel, the
middle and the bottom file respectively.

M-S Start a filename search in the directory listing.

+  (Plus) This is used to select (tag) a group of files.
When Shell Patterns are enabled, the regular expresion is
much like the regular expressions in the shell (* standing
for zero or more characters and ? standing for one
character). If Shell Patterns is off, then the tagging of
files is done with normal regular expressions (see ed
(1)).

\\\ (backslash) Use the "\" key to unselect a group of
files, just like the Plus key.

TAB The TAB is used to switch you between the left and the
right panel.

up-key, C-p. These keys moves the selection to the
previous entry in the panel.

down-key, C-n. These keys moves the selection to the next
entry in the panel.

home, a1, M-<. This key moves the selection to the first
entry in the panel.

end, c1, M->. These keys moves the selection to the last
entry in the panel.

next-page, C-v. This key moves the selection one page
down.

prev-page, M-v. This key moves the selection one page up.

[Command Line Keys]
Command Line Keys

M-Enter This sequence copies the currently selected file
name to the input line, this is useful to avoid excessive
typing.

M-Tab This sequence copies the currently selected file
name in the unselected panel to the input line, also, this
is useful to avoid excessive typing.

C-x t, C-x C-t, copies the tagged files to the command
line or if there are no tagged files, the selected file of
the current panel or the other panel (C-x t and C-x C-t
respectively).

C-x p, C-x C-p, the first sequence copies the current path
name to the command line, while the second one copies the
unselected panel path name to the command line.

C-q The quote command, use the quote command to insert
characters that are otherwise interpreted by the Midnight
Commander (like the +)

M-p, M-n, Use these keys to browse throught the command
history. M-p takes you to the last entry, M-n takes you to
the next entry.

[Input Line Keys]
Input Line Keys

The input lines (they are used for the command line and
for the query dialogs in the program) accept these keys:

C-a puts the cursor at the beginning of line.

C-e puts the cursor at the end of the line.

C-b, move-left, moves the cursor one position left.

C-f, move-right, moves the cursor one position right.

M-f, moves one word forward.

M-b, moves one word backward.

C-h, backspace, they destroy the previous character.

C-d, Delete, delete the character in the point.

C-2. This sets the mark for cutting.

C-w Copies the text between the point and the mark to a
kill buffer and removes the text from the input line.

M-w Copies the text between the point and the mark to a
kill buffer.

C-y Yanks back the contents of the kill buffer.

C-k Kills the text from the point to the end of the line.

[Mouse Support]
Mouse Support

The Midnight commander comes with mouse support. It is
activated whenever you are running on a xterm terminal (it
even works if it's not the local machine where you're
running the Midnight Commander) or if you are running in
the Linux console and have the gpm mouse server running.

When you left click on top of a file in the panels, that
file is selected, if you click with the right button, then
the file is marked (or unmarked, depending in the previos
state).

Double clicking in a file will try to execute the command
if it's an executable program or if the extension has a
program specified, then the specified program is executed.

Also it's possible to execute the commands assigned to the
soft labels by clicking on top of them.

The default auto repeat rate is set to 400 milliseconds.
This may be changed to other values by editing the .mc.ini
file and changing the mouse_repeat_rate parameter. [Executing Unix Commands]
Executing Unix Commands

You may execute commands by typing them directly in the
Midnight' Commander input line or by selecting the program
you want to execute with the bar in one of the panels and
typing enter.

If you press enter over a file that is not an executable
file, the Midnight Commander checks the extension of the
selected file with the extensions in the Extensions File.
If a match is found then the code associated with that
extension is executed. A very simple macro expansion takes
place before executing the command. For more information
see the Macro substitution section.

[Directory Display]
Directory Display

Currently you can choose three different directory
displays: the brief display, the full display and the long
display. The brief display only shows the file name; the
full display shows the file name, the size of the file and
the permission bits and the long display output is similar
to the output of ls -l (one directory panel only). To
toggle between those displays you need to change it from
the pull down menu.

You can also change the order of the files. By default
they are ordered by name. Other possibilities are
extension, modification time, file size and unsorted. Any
one of these orders can be reversed.

If the contents of the directory change you can force the
Midnight Commander to reread the directory by pressing
C-r.

You may quickly select a file in the current panel by
typing M-S and then the file name.

For example, to go directly to the files that start with
the 'mu' word you could type: M-S m u.

[Menu Bar]
Menu Bar

The menu bar pops up when you press F9 or click mouse on
the top row of the screen. The menu bar has five menus:
"Left", "File", "Command", "Options" and "Right".

The "Left" and "Right" menus allow you to modify the
appearance of the left and right directory panel. See the
section on the Directory DisplayDirectory Display for more information.

The "File" menu lists the actions you can perform on the
currently selected file or the tagged files. The meanings
of each action are told in the Action KeysAction Keys section.

The "Command" menu lists the actions which are more
general and bear no relation to the currently selected
file or the tagged files. "Find file" allows you to search
for a specific file. "View other screen" shows the output
of the last shell command. For more information about the
"Save setup", "Extension file edit" and "Menu file edit"
actions see the sections on SetupSetup , Extension File EditExtension File Edit
and User MenuUser Menu

The "Options" menu has some options which may be toggled
on and off. See the section on the Program OptionsProgram Options for
more information.

[Program Options]
Program Options

The program has some options that may be toggled on and
off from the pull down menu. Options are enabled if they
have an asterisk in front of them. These options are:

Show Backup Files. By default the Midnight Commander
doesn't show files ending in '~' (like GNU's ls option
-B).

Show Hidden Files. By default the Midnight Commander will
show all files that start with a dot (like ls -a).

Verbose operation. This toggles whenever
copy/rename/delete operations are verbose (they display a
dialog box for each operation). If you have a slow
terminal, you may consider turning off the verbose
operation.

Mark moves down. By default when you mark a file (with
either C-t or the Insert character) the selection will
move down.

Pause after run. After executing your commands you'll be
asked to press any key to refresh the screen. This is to
let you see the output of your command before continuing.
As soon as I figure how does vi do the trick of
saving/restoring the original screen I'll get rid of this
default. On xterm you can use C-o to view output of the
last command instead of using this option.

Show Mini-Status. If enabled it shows a one-line status
information at the bottom of the panels about the
currently selected item.

Shell Patterns. By default the Midnight Commander will
convert the regular expressions used to select or unselect
to shell-like regular expressions. It performs the
following conversions: the '*' is replaced by '.*' (zero
or more characters); the '?' is replaced by '.' (exactly
one character) and '.' by the literal dot. If the option
is disabled then the regular expressions are the ones
described in ed(1).

Auto Save Setup If this option is enabled, when you exit
the Midnight Commander, the configurable options of the
Midnight Commander are saved in the $HOME/.mc.ini file.

Auto menus If this option is enabled, the user menu will
be invoked at startup. Usefull for building menus for
non-unixers.

Use internal view If this option is enabled, it invokes
the build in file viewer. If the option is disabled it
invokes the pager specified in the PAGER environment
variable. If no pager is specified it invokes the view
command. See the section on the internal file viewer.

Mix all files When this option is enabled, all files and
directories are shown together. If the options is off,
then subdirectories are shown at the beginning of the
listing and any other files come after.

Fast directory reload This option is turned off by
deafult. If you activate the fast reload, then the
Midnight Commander uses a trick to determine if the
directory contents have changed. This trick reloads the
directory if the i-node of the directory has changes, this
means that if what changes is the i-node for a file in the
directory (file size changes, mode changes, owner, etc)
the display is not updated. In this cases, when the option
is on, you'll have to do a manual reload of the directory.

Clear before exec This options is not present in the pull
down menu. By default the Midnight Commander clears the
screen before executing a command. If you would prefer to
see the output of the command in the bottom of the screen,
edit your init file ~/mc.ini and change the value of the
field clear_before_exec to 0.

Confirm Delete This option is toggled on by default, and
will cause the Midnight Commander to ask for confirmation
when deleting a single file.

[Setup]
Setup

At startup the Midnight commander will try to load
initialization information from the $HOME/.mc.ini file. If
the file doesn't exist, it will load the information from
the system wide configuration file located in
/usr/local/lib/mc.ini.

The initialization file specifies initial settings for the
directory panels and program options. See the sections on
Directory DisplayDirectory Display and Program OptionsProgram Options for more
information. Most of these settings can be changed by
using menus "Left", "Right" and "Options". To change the
other options you must edit the initialization file with
your favourite editor.

You may save the setup explicitly from the pull down menu
or activate the auto save setup option from the pull down
menu.

Directory automount. When this options is enabled, the
Midnight Commander tries on chdir to mount the directory
and unmount the previous directory. This is usefull to
quickly browse trought floppy disks.

The mounting and unmounting of directories is controlled
by the sections [auto-mount] and [auto-umount] in the
initialization file.

For example, to enable auto-mounting and auto-umounting of
the directory /floppy, you need to add this to your
~/.mc.ini file:

[auto-mount]
/floppy = /sbin/mount
floppy = /sbin/mount

[auto-umount]
/floppy = /sbin/umount
floppy = /sbin/umount

In order to use this option, your mount program must allow
normal users to use the mount command. Under Linux, for
the previous example, you need to add the key user to the
floppy entry in your /etc/fstab.

For example, my fstab entry looks like this:

/dev/fd0   /floppy   msdos   defaults,user

This option should not exist, is just a quick hack to let
me browse trought directories. It is preferable that you
use an automounter or that you know exactly what you're
doing.

[Extension File Edit]
Extension File Edit

This will invoke your editor on the file ~/.mc.ext. The
format of this file is as follows: each line specifies an
extension and the command associated to that extension.
The extension must start at the first column. Everything
after the extension is the code executed when you press
enter over a file that matches that extension. Simple
macro substitution takes place before executing the
command.

Here is an example of an extension file:

	.tar.gz	 tar tzvf %f | more
	.tar.Z   tar tzvf %f | more
	.tar     tar tvf %f | more
	.zip     unzip -v %f | more
	.o       nm %f | more
	.a       ar tv %f | more
	.tex     tex %f
	.latex   latex %f
	.dvi     dvips %f

[User Menu]
User Menu

The user menu provides an easy menu for the users. When
you access the user menu the first of these files is
loaded as the user menu: ./.mc.menu, ~/.mc.menu,
/usr/local/lib/mc.menu.

The format of the menu file is very simple. Lines that
start with anything but space or tab is considered an
entry for the menu (in order to use it like a hot key the
first char should be a letter). All entries are shown to
the user. All the lines that start with a space or a tab
are the commands that will be executed when the entry is
selected.

When an option is selected all the command lines of the
option are copied to a temporary file in the temporary
directory (usually /usr/tmp) and then that file is
executed. This allows the user to use normal shell
constructs in the menus. Also simple macro substitution
takes place before executing the menu code. For more
information, see macro substitution.

Here is a sample mc.menu file:

A	Dumps the currently selected file
	od -c %f

B	Edit a bug report and send it to root
	vi /tmp/mail.$$
	mail root < /tmp/mail.$$

M	Reads mail
	emacs -f rmail

N	Reads Usenet news
	emacs -f gnus

H	Call the info hypertext browser
	info

J	Copies -R . to other panel with tar
	tar cf - . | (cd %D && tar xvpf -)

K	Makes a release of the current subdirectory
	echo -n "Name of distribution file: "
	read tar
	ln -s %d `dirname %d`/$tar 
	cd ..
	tar cvhf ${tar}.tar $tar


[Macro substitution]
Macro substitution


When accesing a menu or executing an extension dependant
command, a very simple macro substitution takes place.

The macros are:

"%f" The currently selected file name.

"%d" The current directory name.

"%F" The file selected in the unselected panel.

"%D" The directory name of the unselected panel.

"%%" The % character

[Internal file viewer]
Internal file viewer


The internal file viewer provides two modes of display:
ascii and hex. To toggle between modes, use the F4 key.
When in hex mode, the search function accepts text in
quotes as well as hexadecimal constants.

You can mix quoted text with constants like this: "String"
0xFE 0xBB "more text". Text between constants and quoted
text is just ignored.

On systems that provide the mmap(2) system call, the
program maps the file instead of loading it.

Here is a listing of the actions associated with each key
that the Midnight Commander handles in the internal file
viewer.

F1 Invokes the builtin hypertext help viewer.

F2 Toggles the wrap mode.

F4 Toggles the hex mode.

F6, /. Regular expression search.

F7 Normal search / hex mode search.

n, C-s. Continue search, or start normal search if there
was no previous search expression.

F8 Reserved.

F10, Esc. Exits the internal file viewer.

next-page, space, C-v. Scrolls one page forward.

prev-page, M-v, C-b, backspace. Scrolls one page backward.

down-key Scrolls one line forward.

up-key Scrolls one line backward.

C-l Refresh the screen.

[Undocumented features :-)]
Undocumented features :-)


You're not reading this. These variables may be set in
your ini file:

max_dirt_limit In the internal file viewer, specifies how
many screen updates can be skipped at most. Normally this
value is not signicant because the code automatically
adjusts number of updates to skip according to the pace of
incoming key presses. However, on very slow machines or
terminals with a fast keyboard auto repeat a big value can
cause screen update too jumpy. It seems that setting
max_dirt_limit to 10 causes the best behavior, and it's
the default value.

default_list_perm Used to control if the program displays
the permissions or the file date in the full panel mode.
If you set this variable to 0, then you get the date
display, if you set this variable to 1, you get the
default permissions listing. Use this only while I fix the
code to resize correctly the windows.

[FILES]
FILES


/usr/local/lib/mc.hlp The help file for the program.

/usr/local/lib/mc.ext The default system wide extensions
file.

$HOME/.mc.ext User's own extension file. If this file is
present it is used instead of the system wide extensions
file.

/usr/local/lib/mc.ini The default system wide setup for
the Midnight Commander.

$HOME/.mc.ini User's own setup. If this file is present
then the setup is loaded from here instead of the system
wide startup file.

/usr/local/lib/mc.menu This file contains the default
system wide applications menu.

$HOME/.mc.menu User's own application menu. If this file
is present it is used instead of the system wide
applications menu.

$PWD/.mc.menu Directory's own application menu. If this
file is present it is used instead of the system wide
applications menu and user's application menu.

[SEE ALSO]
SEE ALSO

ed(1), gpm(1), gzip(1), sh(1), terminfo(1), view(1). [AUTHORS]
AUTHORS

Miguel de Icaza (miguel@roxanne.nuclecu.unam.mx), Janne
Kukonlehto (jtklehto@stekt.oulu.fi) and Mauricio Plaza
(mok@roxanne.nuclecu.unam.mx) are the developers of this
package; and this people have contributed code and fixes
to the code:

Alessandro Rubini (rubini@ipvvis.unipv.it), Jean-Daniel
Luiset (luiset@cih.hcuge.ch), Massimo Fontanelli
(MC8737@mclink.it) and Torben Fjerdingstad
(tfj@olivia.ping.dk).

[BUGS]
BUGS

See the file TODO in the distribution for more information
on what remains to be done.

[main]

This is the main help screen for the Midnight
Commander. 

To learn more on how to use the interactive help
facility just tap enterHelp. You may like to go
directly to the help contentsContents.

[About]

    The Midnight Commander was written by 
Miguel de Icaza  (miguel@roxanne.nuclecu.unam.mx),
Janne Kukonlehto (jtklehto@stekt.oulu.fi) and
Mauricio Plaza   (mok@roxanne.nuclecu.unam.mx), and has been
enhanced/tested by:

Alessandro Rubini   (rubini@ipvvis.unipv.it)
Jean-Daniel Luiset  (luiset@cih.hcuge.ch) 
Massimo Fontanelli  (MC8737@mclink.it)
Torben Fjerdingstad (tfj@olivia.ping.dk).

The Midnight Commander comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTYWarranty.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute
it under certain conditionsLicense.

[License]

                GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
                   Version 2, June 1991

 Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation,
Inc. 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim
copies of this license document, but changing it is not
allowed.

                         Preamble

  The licenses for most software are designed to take away
your freedom to share and change it.  By contrast, the GNU
General Public License is intended to guarantee your
freedom to share and change free software--to make sure
the software is free for all its users.  This General
Public License applies to most of the Free Software
Foundation's software and to any other program whose
authors commit to using it.  (Some other Free Software
Foundation software is covered by the GNU Library General
Public License instead.)  You can apply it to your
programs, too.

  When we speak of free software, we are referring to
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  To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions
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  For example, if you distribute copies of such a program,
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they, too, receive or can get the source code.  And you
must show them these terms so they know their rights.

  We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the
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legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the
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  Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to
make certain that everyone understands that there is no
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  Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by
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To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent
must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed
at all.

  The precise terms and conditions for copying,
distribution and modification follow.

                GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
            TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING,
              DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION

  0. This License applies to any program or other work
which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder
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  1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the
Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium,
provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish
on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and
disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that
refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of
this License along with the Program.

You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring
a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty
protection in exchange for a fee.

  2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or
any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the
Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or
work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you
also meet all of these conditions:

    a) You must cause the modified files to carry
prominent notices stating that you changed the files and
the date of any change.

    b) You must cause any work that you distribute or
publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived
from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a
whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of
this License.

    c) If the modified program normally reads commands
interactively when run, you must cause it, when started
running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way,
to print or display an announcement including an
appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no
warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and
that users may redistribute the program under these
conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of
this License.  (Exception: if the Program itself is
interactive but does not normally print such an
announcement, your work based on the Program is not
required to print an announcement.)

These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole.
If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from
the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent
and separate works in themselves, then this License, and
its terms, do not apply to those sections when you
distribute them as separate works.  But when you
distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a
work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole
must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions
for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus
to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.

Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights
or contest your rights to work written entirely by you;
rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the
distribution of derivative or collective works based on
the Program.

In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on
the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the
Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium
does not bring the other work under the scope of this
License.

  3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work
based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable
form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided
that you also do one of the following:

    a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding
machine-readable source code, which must be distributed
under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
customarily used for software interchange; or,

    b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at
least three years, to give any third party, for a charge
no more than your cost of physically performing source
distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the
corresponding source code, to be distributed under the
terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily
used for software interchange; or,

    c) Accompany it with the information you received as
to the offer to distribute corresponding source code.
(This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial
distribution and only if you received the program in
object code or executable form with such an offer, in
accord with Subsection b above.)

The source code for a work means the preferred form of the
work for making modifications to it.  For an executable
work, complete source code means all the source code for
all modules it contains, plus any associated interface
definition files, plus the scripts used to control
compilation and installation of the executable.  However,
as a special exception, the source code distributed need
not include anything that is normally distributed (in
either source or binary form) with the major components
(compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on
which the executable runs, unless that component itself
accompanies the executable.

If distribution of executable or object code is made by
offering access to copy from a designated place, then
offering equivalent access to copy the source code from
the same place counts as distribution of the source code,
even though third parties are not compelled to copy the
source along with the object code.

  4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute
the Program except as expressly provided under this
License.  Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify,
sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will
automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from
you under this License will not have their licenses
terminated so long as such parties remain in full
compliance.

  5. You are not required to accept this License, since
you have not signed it.  However, nothing else grants you
permission to modify or distribute the Program or its
derivative works.  These actions are prohibited by law if
you do not accept this License.  Therefore, by modifying
or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to
do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying,
distributing or modifying the Program or works based on
it.

  6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work
based on the Program), the recipient automatically
receives a license from the original licensor to copy,
distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms
and conditions.  You may not impose any further
restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights
granted herein.  You are not responsible for enforcing
compliance by third parties to this License.

  7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or
allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason
(not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on
you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that
contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
excuse you from the conditions of this License.  If you
cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your
obligations under this License and any other pertinent
obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute
the Program at all.  For example, if a patent license
would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the
Program by all those who receive copies directly or
indirectly through you, then the only way you could
satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain
entirely from distribution of the Program.

If any portion of this section is held invalid or
unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the
balance of the section is intended to apply and the
section as a whole is intended to apply in other
circumstances.

It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to
infringe any patents or other property right claims or to
contest validity of any such claims; this section has the
sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free
software distribution system, which is implemented by
public license practices.  Many people have made generous
contributions to the wide range of software distributed
through that system in reliance on consistent application
of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if
he or she is willing to distribute software through any
other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice.

This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is
believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License.

  8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is
restricted in certain countries either by patents or by
copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who
places the Program under this License may add an explicit
geographical distribution limitation excluding those
countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or
among countries not thus excluded.  In such case, this
License incorporates the limitation as if written in the
body of this License.

  9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised
and/or new versions of the General Public License from
time to time.  Such new versions will be similar in spirit
to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns.

Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If
the Program specifies a version number of this License
which applies to it and "any later version", you have the
option of following the terms and conditions either of
that version or of any later version published by the Free
Software Foundation.  If the Program does not specify a
version number of this License, you may choose any version
ever published by the Free Software Foundation.

  10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into
other free programs whose distribution conditions are
different, write to the author to ask for permission.  For
software which is copyrighted by the Free Software
Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we
sometimes make exceptions for this.  Our decision will be
guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of
all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the
sharing and reuse of software generally.

[Warranty]
                       NO WARRANTY

  11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE,
THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT
PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED
IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE
QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU.
SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF
ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

  12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR
AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY
OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM
AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY
TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED
BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO
OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR
OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGES.

               END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

      How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

  If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of
the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to
achieve this is to make it free software which everyone
can redistribute and change under these terms.

  To do so, attach the following notices to the program.
It is safest to attach them to the start of each source
file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty;
and each file should have at least the "copyright" line
and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of 
what it does.>
Copyright (C) 19yy  <name of author>

    This program is free software; you can redistribute it
and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
License as published by the Free Software Foundation;
either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any
later version.

    This program is distributed in the hope that it will
be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the
implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
for more details.

    You should have received a copy of the GNU General
Public License along with this program; if not, write to
the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave,
Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic
and paper mail.

If the program is interactive, make it output a short
notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:

Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19yy name of author
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details
type `show w'.  This is free software, and you are welcome
to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c'
for details.

The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should
show the appropriate parts of the General Public License.
Of course, the commands you use may be called something
other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be
mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.

You should also get your employer (if you work as a
programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a "copyright
disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.  Here is a
sample; alter the names:

  Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest
in the program `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at
compilers) written by James Hacker.

  <signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
  Ty Coon, President of Vice

This General Public License does not permit incorporating
your program into proprietary programs.  If your program
is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful
to permit linking proprietary applications with the
library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU
Library General Public License instead of this License.

[Help]

To scroll the window you may use the space bar or
use the cursor keys, to scroll the window back,
you may use the cursor keys or the backspace key (also,
standard emacs key bindings).

To select a link you just have to use the TAB key to move
to the next item and 'b' to move back to the previous
item.  Press ENTER to follow the current link. When there
are no links in a node, pressing ENTER takes you to the
main menu.

The 'l' (last) key may be used to go back in the history
of nodes that you have visited. 

'F1' will show this help screen and Esc will exit help.

Press 'l' now to return to the previous node.


Local variables:
fill-column: 58
end:
